\(u = R - R_0\), where \(R\) is the particle position vector and \(R_0\) is the equilibrium position vector of a particle.
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"Debye-Waller Factor" (DWF), named after Peter Debye and Ivar Waller, is used in condensed matter physics to describe the attenuation of x-ray scattering or coherent neutron scattering caused by thermal motion. Also, a factor by which the intensity of a diffraction line is reduced because of the lattice vibrations.